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SUMMARY OF HISTORY; 



"DESIGNED TO ACCOMPANY 



LORD'S MODERN HISTORY. 



BY 

IDA P. WHITCOMB, 

OF PACKER COLLEGIATE INSTITUTE, BROOKLYN, N. Y. 



PHILADELPHIA: 

CHARLES DESILVER; CLAXTON, REMSEN & HAFFELFINGER ; 

J. B. LIPPINCOTT & CO. 

New York: Oaklet, Mason & Co.; A. S. Barnes & Co.; D. Appleton & Co.— Boston i 
Nichols & Hall. — Cincinnati: Wilson, Hinkle & Co.; Robert Clarke & Co. — 
CJiarleston, S. C. : J. M. Greer ; E. J. Dawson & Co.— Raleigh, N. 0. : Wil- 
liams & Lambeth. — Baltimore, Md.: Cushings & Bailey; Morfit & Adkis- 
son. — Neio Orleans, La. : Stevens & Seymour.— Savannah, Ga.: Cooper, 
Olcott & Co.— Macon, Ga. : J. M. Boardman.— Augusta, Ga. : Thos. 
Richards & Son.— Richmond, Va.: "VVoodhouse & Parham. 

1870. 

L. 



Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1869, by 

CHARLES DESILVER, 

In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States in and for 

the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. 

STEREOTYPED BY J. FAGAN & SON. 







PREFACE. 



THE following Summary I have used in my history 
classes, for the past three years. Spending but a few 
moments on it daily, before the recitation from the history, 
we have been able to keep clearly and pleasantly before 
our minds, the review-lessons of the book, while constantly 
advancing. 

In order sufficiently to aid the memory, I have in many 
cases taken more than the mere topic, while in others, that 
has seemed all that was necessary, to give a clear idea, of 
the subject to be enlarged upon. 

The great events of this century, I have but mentioned, 
feeling perfectly incompetent to dwell upon them, without 
Dr. Lord's assistance. 

This Summary has been very helpful to me, and I hope 
other teachers may find it .useful. 

IDA P. WHITCOMB. 

Packer Institute, Brooklyn, 
June \%tK 1869. 



A SUMMARY OF HISTORY. 



CHAPTER I. 

CHARACTER OF THE PERIOD AT WHICH THIS HISTORY COM- 
MENCES — DISCOVERIES AND INVENTIONS — REVIVAL OF ART — 
CHANGE IN POLITICAL AND SOCIAL STRUCTURE OF SOCIETY — 
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE INTELLECTUAL STATE OF EUROPE — 
EVILS IN THE CHURCH — BELIEF IN PAPAL INFALLIBILITY, 
AND CHARACTER OF THE CLERGY — ATTEMPTS TO RAISE 
MONEY — PREVALENCE OF AN IDOLATROUS SPIRIT — LAN- 
GUAGE OF THE CHURCH SERVICE — PERSECUTIONS — NEEDED 
REFORMS — EFFECTS OF THE REFORMATION. 

LUTHER. 

1483. Luther born. His childhood and youth. (After taking 
his degree, he entered an Augustinian monastery, 
where he found light and repose in the doctrine of 
justification by faith.) Effects of life in an Augus- 
tinian monastery. 

1507. Consecrated as a priest. 

1508. Became Professor in the University at Wittemberg. 
1512. Sent on an embassy to Rome, and returned dis- 
gusted with the frivolity of the clergy. 

Received title of D. D., and renewed his lectures in 

the University. 

1517. His opposition to sale of indulgences caused him, 

in 1517, to issue his ninety-five propositions. 

Among those who greatly assisted Luther, and 

rejoiced in the appearance of these propositions, were 



6 SUMMARY OF HISTORY. 

Frederic the Wise, Erasmus, and Melancthon. The 
pope, alarmed, attacked Luther, through De Vio and 
Miltitz. 

1519. Leipsic controversy. Luther excommunicated. 

1521. Diet of Worms. 

Voluntary imprisonment in Wartburg castle. Com- 
motions raised in Wittemberg by fanatical preachers, 
headed by Carlstadt. Luther returned, and silenced 
the tumults. Peasants' war. Luther's marriage. 
Contest with Ulric Zwingle. Extent of the reform 
in Germany. 

1529. Charles V. summoned the Diet of Spires. The princes 

of Germany united in a protest against the decrees of 
this Diet, which originated the word Protestant. 

1530. Diet of Augsburg. Confession of the Protestants read 

and condemned ; they united in the League of Smal- 

calde. 
Charles V. recalled his edicts, and made concessions 

to the Protestants. 
After this, Luther had many trials, owing to the 

different beliefs of the various reformers. 
1545. Luther died. 



GERMAN HISTORY. 

CHARLES V. 

Charles early displayed a taste for government. 

1516. He succeeded Ferdinand and Isabella as Charles I. 
of Sj)ain. 

1519. On the death of Maximilian, elected Emperor of 
Germany as Charles V. ; • also succeeded him as 
Archduke of Austria, and inherited the Nether- 
lands from his father, Philip Duke of Burgundy. 



SUMMARY OF HISTOEY. 7 

1521. Diet of Worms. Wars between Charles V. and 

Francis I. 
1525. Battle of Pavia. Bourbon sacked Home. 

1529. Peace of Cambray. 

After Charles visited Italy, he summoned the Diets 
of Spires and Augsburg.. 

1530. League of Smalcalde. 

1531. Diet of Ratisbon. Union of Germany. 

While Charles was defeating the pirate Barbarossa, 

Francis invaded Savoy. 
Charles, on his return, invaded France. 
1538. Truce of Nice. Unfortunate expedition to Algiers. 

War with Francis. 

1544. Peace of Crespy. 

1545. Council of Trent. On the death of his rivals, 

Charles renewed his attack on the reformed reli- 
gion. 

1547. Battle of Miihlhausen. Desertion of Maurice. Pro- 
testants advanced against Charles. After his re- 
treat from Innspruck, he rallied his forces, only for 
an unsuccessful combat. 

1552. Treaty of Passau. Trouble with the French and 
Turks. Philip's marriage. 

1555. Charles abdicated. 

1558. He died. 

1555. The Diet of Augsburg secured religious liberty to 
Germany, during the reigns of 

1555. Ferdinand I. and 

1564. Maximilian II. 

1576. Rudolph. His dominions wrested from him by his 
brother Matthias. 

1612. Matthias. Evangelical Union and Catholic League. 
Revolt in Bohemia. 

1618. Ferdinand II. Resolved to suppress rebellion, and 
restore Catholicism. 
1* 



8 SUMMARY OF HISTORY. 

1620. Frederic, Elector Palatine, who had been made 
king of Bohemia, defeated in the Battle of Prague. 
Weakness of the Protestant cause. Count Mans- 
field's incursions. Wallenstein's depredations. His 
removal. Tilly took Magdeburg. 

1630. Gustavus Adolphus came from Sweden, and took 
possession of many German provinces. 

1630. Battle of Leipsic. Wallenstein recalled. 

1632. Battle of Liitzen. Gustavus Adolphus killed. 

1634. Wallenstein's aim to become king of Bohemia, was 
shortly after defeated, and he was assassinated. War 
continued several years, through the influence of 
Oxenstiern and Richelieu. After the battle of Nord- 
lingen, there were no signal successes. 

1648. Peace of Westphalia. This was the most important 
treaty in European history, as it secured religious 
toleration, and established the Constitution of Ger- 
many, power of the Emperor, Diet, Imperial Cham- 
ber, and Aulic Council. 

1657. Ferdinand III. succeeded by Leopold I. French in- 
vasion of the Netherlands and Palatinate. Hun- 
garian War. Sohiski's victory. The crown of Hun- 
gary made hereditary. Victories over the Turks. 

1697. Peace of Carlovitz. Internal improvements. 

1705. Joseph I. Continuation of the War of the Spanish 
Succession. Tranquillity restored to Germany. 

1711. Charles VI. 

1713. Peace of Utrecht. 

Charles, issued the Pragmatic Sanction, by which 

1740. Maria Theresa ascended the throne. 

The claims of Frederic the Great of Prussia and the 

1740-48. Elector of Bavaria caused the War of the Austrian 
Succession. 
Maria Theresa's attempts to recover Silesia, involved 

1756-63. her again in the Seven Years' War. 

Internal improvements. Partition of Poland. 






SUMMARY OF HISTORY. 9 

1780. She died. 

1763. After the Peace of Hubertsburg, the political power 

of Germany declined, but the intellectual increased. 
Some of the great literary men were Goethe, Schiller, 

Leasing, and Klopstock. 
1780. Joseph II. Attempted rash reforms. 
1790. Leopold II. restored old customs. 
1792. Francis II. Foreseeing the destruction of the German 

Union, owing to Napoleon's great victories, he abol- 

1804. ished the title of Emperor of Germany and assumed 
that of Francis I. of Austria. 

1805. Battle of Austerlitz. Peace of Presburg. 
1809. Battles of Aspern and Wagram. 

By the Peace of Vienna, Napoleon married Marie 
Louise. 

1813. Francis joined with the other powers against Napo- 

leon, and was more successful. 

1814. Congress at Vienna. 

When peace was finally restored, the union of the 
small German States was almost destroyed. 
1835. Ferdinand I. came to the throne amid discontents and 
insurrections. 
Metternich's power. Hungarian war. 
1848. Ferdinand abdicated, and 

Francis Joseph ascended the throne. 
Attempts to maintain the supremacy of Austria over 
Prussia in the Germanic diet. 
1858-59. War with France. Battles of Montebello, Ma- 
genta, and Solferino. 
1859. Treaty of Villa-Franca. 



ENGLISH HISTORY. 



1509. Henry VIII. 

1513. Battle of Flodden Field. 



10 SUMMARY OF HISTORY. 

Wolsey's power. Meeting with Francis I. 

Execution of Buckingham. Henry received the title 
of " Defender of the Faith." 

The divorce of Catharine of Arragon led to Wolsey's 
fall and Cranmer's rise. 

Execution of Sir Thomas More. 
1535. Henry became head of the Church, and his religion 
led him to the indiscriminate massacre of Catholics 
and Protestants. 

After the execution of Anne Boleyn and the death of 
Jane Seymour, Cromwell was executed on account of 
Henry's displeasure in relation to Anne of Cleves. 

Henry's last wives were Catharine Howard, who was 
executed, and Catharine Parr, who survived him. 
Trouble with the Scots. 
1547. Henry died. 
1547. Edward VI. 

Duke of Somerset protector. 

Battle of Pinkney. Power of the Duke of Northum- 
berland. Execution of Somerset. 

Great Progress of the Reformation, owing to Cran- 
mer's influence. 
1553. Edward died. 
1553. Mary. 

Lady Jane Grey deposed. Catholicism restored. 
Mary married Philip II. of Spain. "Wyatt's rebel- 
lion. Lady Jane Grey beheaded. Terrible perse- 
cution of Protestants. 

Among the prominent persons burned at Smithfield 
were Cranmer, Ridley, Latimer, and Hooper ; and 
these, with nearly three hundred others, by their 
heroic deaths, strengthened the Protestant cause. 

"War with France. Victory of St. Quentin. Loss of 
Calais. 
1558. Mary died. 
1558. Elizabeth. 



SUMMARY OF HISTORY. 11 

1559. Elizabeth crowned. Protestantism restored. Trouble 
with Mary Queen of Scots. Mary had married 
Francis II. of France, and, on his death, returned 
to Scotland, where she was strongly opposed by the 
Reformers. She married Lord Darnley, and then 
his supposed murderer, Bothwell. 

Elizabeth assisted in fomenting disturbances in Scot- 
land, which culminated in the defeat of Mary in the 
-Battle of Langside. Mary fled to England. Be- 
came the prisoner-guest of Elizabeth. Implicated 
1587. in a plot to seize the English crown, and executed. 

Persecution in the Netherlands. 

Elizabeth's alliance with the Hollanders caused a 
war with Philip II. of Spain. Invincible Armada. 
Trouble in Ireland. Execution of Essex. Non- 
conformist persecutions in England. The principal 
men that brought about the great revival of litera- 
ture in Elizabeth's reign were Shakspeare, Bacon, 
Sidney, and Spenser; while Raleigh and Drake 
opened the way to discoveries. 

During this reign the resources of the ^country were 
improved to the best advantage, and the reign was 
glorious in the annals of history. 
1603. Elizabeth died. 
1603. James I. 

Union of England and Scotland. 

Conspiracy to place Lady Arabella Stuart on the 
throne. Gunpowder plot. 

Ascendency of favorites. Bacon's fall. 

Failure and execution of Raleigh. 

The trouble with the people, which grew out of the 
king's mistaken ideas of his own prerogative, caused 
the remonstrance of the Commons. 

Charles' marriage. Translation of the Bible. 
1625. James died. 



12 SUMMARY OF HISTORY* 

1625. Charles I. 

Struggles between nobles, clergy, and kings. 

Charles ascended the throne with his father's debts 
and his father's ideas of royal prerogative. Trouble 
with the Commons. Assassination of Buckingham. 
Petition of rights. Power of Strafford and Laud. 
Ship-money. Insurrection in Scotland. The Par- 
liament not granting Charles supplies : he ruled 
eleven years without it. 
1640. Long Parliament. Impeachment of Strafford and 
Laud. Rebellion in Ireland. Attempted seizure 
of five refractory members of Parliament. 

Defiance of Commons. Flight of the king. The 
refusal of the Governor of Hull to admit him was 
the declaration of war. 
1642. Battle of Edgehill. During the first part of the war, 
though the Commons had the ablest leaders, the 
successes were equally divided. 

Union of the Scots with the Parliament. Attack on 
Oxford and York. 

1644. Battle of Marston Moor. Power of Cromwell. Self- 

denying ordinance. 

1645. Battle of Naseby. This, with other defeats, led 

Charles to deliver himself to the Scots. Sold by 
them to the Parliament. Seized by the army. 

Trouble between Presbyterians and Independents. 
Duplicity of the king. His escape to the Isle of 
Wight. 

The assistance now offered by the Scots came too late ; 
for Cromwell defeated Hamilton in several engage- 
ments. 

Cromwell next quieted the disturbances in Scotland. 
Trouble with royalists. 

The king again seized by the' army. Pride's Purge. 
1649. Charles tried, condemned as a tyrant and traitor, and 
executed. 



' 



SUMMARY OF HISTORY. 13 

1649. Cromwell. 

After the execution of Charles I., royalty was abol- 
ished, a Council of State was appointed, Cromwell 
and Fairfax retained command of the army, and 
Sir Harry Vane of the Navy. 

Rebellion in Ireland quelled with great severity. 

Cromwell next defeated Charles Stuart in Scotland in 

1650. the Battle of Dunbar, and again in England in the 

1651. Battle of Worcester. Cromwell's conservatism. 
The Long Parliament converted into the Rump Parlia- 
ment, and finally destroyed. Cromwell summoned 
a new Parliament, which, in dissolving themselves, 

1651. gave him the title of Lord Protector. 

Another Parliament called. 

Dutch War, signalized by the victories of Blake, 
Dean, and Monk, over De Ruyter and Van Tromp. 

After again dissolving Parliament, Cromwell ruled 
eighteen months without it. War with Spain. 
Jamaica conquered. After dissolving his third 
Parliament, Cromwell ruled alone. Character of 
his government. 
1658. Cromwell died. 

Richard Cromwell, protector. 

Restoration of Parliament and royalty. 
1660. Charles II. 

Charles restored amid the acclamations of the people. 

The causes for the reaction in the national mind, were : 

First, the unendurable evils connected with Crom- 
well's administration. 

Second, the expectations held out by Charles. 

Third, the reaction of the nation from moral elevation. 

During the first part of his reign, through Clarendon's 
influence, Charles ruled well ; but his weakness soon 
showed itself in the selection of the Cabal for his 
advisers. 
2 



14 SUMMARY OF HISTOEY. 

Triennial Bill. Corporation Act. 

Alliance with Louis XIV. Closing the Exchequer. 
Restrictions on the press. Forfeiture of the Corpora' 
tion of the City of London, and the Fining of Jurors. 
Influence of the Clergy. 
1679. Habeas Corpus Act. Character of the king. 

Titus Gates' plot. Act of Uniformity. 

Ryehouse plot. Execution of Russell and Sydney. 
Manners and customs of England. 
1685. Charles died. 
1685. James II. 

Alliance with Louis XIV. 

Invasion and defeat of Argyle in Scotland. 

Invasion and defeat of Monmouth in England. 

Power and brutality of Kirke and Jeffries. Persecu- 
tion of the Puritans. Among the most illustrious 
sufferers were Baxter, Bunyan, and Fox. 

Attempts to restore Catholicism. 

Measures to protect Catholics. 

High Commission Court established. 

Trouble with the Universities. 

Refusal of the clergy to read the Declaration of Indul- 
gences, and the result. Failure in the attempts to 
produce a Parliament. Surrender of charters. 

Conspiracy to place William and Mary on the throne. 
Concessions of James. 
1688. Invasian of England by William of Orange. Flight 
of the king. The contest between royal prerogative 

1688. and popular freedom, which had lasted a hundred 
and fifty years, closed with the Declaration of 
Rights and the accession of William and Mary, 
and civil liberty commenced its reign. 

1689. William and Mary. 

Rebellion in Ireland. After the terrible siege of Lon- 
donderry and the Battle of the Boyne, James fled, 



SUMMARY OF HISTORY. 15 

and Ireland was subdued. War with Louis XLV. 
Jealousies between the Whigs and Tories. Place Bill. 
Triennial Bill. Liberty of the press established. 
Charters granted to the East India Company. Fi- 
nancial power of the Commons. Act of Settlement. 
Character of William. Description of the great men 
of the age, among whom Newton and Locke shone 
conspicuously. 

1694. Mary died. 

1702. William died. 

1702. Anne. 

Although Anne was a weak sovereign, the abilities 
of Marlborough and Go dolphin made her reign 
illustrious in the annals of history. 

1701-13. War of the Spanish Succession, in which Marl- 
borough gained the Battles of Blenheim, Ramillies, 
and Malplaquet, but was himself disgraced by Anne's 
union with the Tory party. Character of Marlbor- 
ough and Godolphin. Jealousies between the Whigs 
and Tories. Trial of Dr. Sacheverell. Union of 
the English and Scotch Parliaments. 
Some of " The Wits of Queen Anne's Reign " were 
Addison, Swift, Pope, and Steele. 

1714. Anne died. 

1714. George I. 

George I. was grandson of Elizabeth, daughter of 
James I. Increased power of the aristocracy. 
Walpole's influence. 

1715. Unsuccessful invasion of Great Britain by the Old 

Pretender. Septennial Act. Failure of the Peerage 
Bill. South Sea scheme. Walpole's policy. 

1727. George I. died. 

1727. George II. 

1730. Walpole re-chartered the East India Company. His 
pacific policy. Failure of the Excise Bill. 



16 SUMMARY OF HISTORY. 

. After the resignation of Walpole and the short ad- 
ministration of the brilliant Grenville, the Pelhams 
, ruled for a time as representatives of the aris- 
tocracy. 

1745-46. Invasion of the Young Pretender, which was the 
last attempt of the Stuarts to regain the throne. 
Charles marched victoriously through Scotland, gained 
the Battle of Preston Pans, and advanced into Eng- 
land, but was obliged, first to retreat, and, after the 

1746. Battle of Culloden, to flee. 

1740-48. "War of the Austrian Succession, caused by the fail- 
ure of the European powers to observe the Pragmatic 
Sanction. In this war, England, by assisting Marie 
Theresa, became involved in a war with France. 
The Duke of Cumberland was defeated by Marshal 
Saxe in the Battle of Fontenoy. The English took 

1748. Louisburg, but restored it in the Peace of Aix-la- 
Chapelle. 

1756-63. During the first part of the Seven Years' War, by 
the failures of Braddock in America, the expedi- 
tions against the French failed. 
Partly owing to these failures, Pitt became premier ; 
and as soon as he commenced his brilliant career, 
immense armies were sent to America. 

1758. Louisburg and Fort Du Quesne jaken. 

1759. Quebec and Niagara taken; and Crown Point and 

Ticonderoga abandoned by the French. 

In these campaigns, Washington, Amherst, and Wolf 
greatly distinguished themselves. 

By losing so many strongholds, the French colonial 
power was completely broken. 

Through Pitt's influence, the English were also suc- 
cessful in India. 

1760. George II. died. 
1760. George III 



SUMMARY OF HISTORY. 17 

1763. Bute succeeded Pitt as premier, and secured the 
Peace of Paris, by which George III. became the 
most powerful sovereign of Europe. Grenville's 
administration was noted for the persecution of 
Wilkes, and the Stamp Act. Rockingham repealed 
this Act. Rockingham was succeeded by Grafton, 
who, in his turn, was followed by Lord Chatham, 
"the Great Commoner." His opposition to taxa- 
tion was disregarded, and new duties were imposed 
on the colonies. 
Lord North succeeded. 
1775-83. American Revolution. In this war the English 
were unsuccessful, and were obliged to declare the 
Americans free. 
Discontents in Ireland. Gordon riots. 
After the resignation of Lord North, and the second 
premiership of Rockingham, William Pitt ruled 
1783-1806. the British Kingdom. Character of his admin- 
istration. Continued troubles in Ireland. 
1800. Union of the English and Irish Parliaments. 
Patriotism of Russell and Emmett. 
Parliamentary reform proposed. 
English encroachments in India. 
Trial of Hastings, in which Burke, Fox, and Sheri- 
dan greatly distinguished themselves. 
English government in India reorganized. 
1787. Bill for the abolition of slavery brought forward by 

Wilberforce. 
1793-1815. War with France. In this war, by Nelson's 
1797. victories at Cape St. Vincent on the Nile and at 
Trafalgar, 1805, the naval supremacy of England 
was completely established. Wellington, after much 
hard fighting, succeeded in checking the French 
encroachments in Spain, and gained also the battle 
1815. of Waterloo. 
2* 



18 SUMMARY OF HISTORY. 

1812-15. War with the United States. In this war the 
Americans showed their naval power. There were 
many skirmishes fought on the Northern and 
Eastern coasts of the United States. 

1813. Commodore Perry gained a signal victory on Lake 
Erie, but the Americans were unsuccessful in taking 
Canada. 

1815. Battle of New Orleans gained by the. Americans just 
after the treaty of Ghent. In this reign, a constel- 
lation of men of genius illuminated the world. 

1810. From this year, owing to the mental incapacity of 
the king, his son, afterwards George IV., ruled. 

1820. George III. died. 

1820. George IV. 

Liberal reforms in home and foreign policy. Ca- 
tholic Emancipation Act. 

1827. Battle of Navarino. 

1829. George IV. died. 

1829. William IV. 

Parliamentary reforms agitated. 

1837. William died. 

1837. Victoria. 

Corn laws repealed. Trouble with O'Connell. 

1854-56. England united with the allies in the Crimean war, 
1854-56. War in India, caused by the revolt of the 
Delhi Sepoys. England completely restored her 
supremacy in India. 

1851. Crystal Palace exhibition. 

Victoria's prime ministers are, thus far : Peel, Pus- 
sell, Palmerston, Derby, Disraeli, and Gladstone. 



FRENCH HISTOKY. 

1515. Francis I. 

Progress of the reform doctrines, and Calvin's influence. 



SUMMARY OF HISTORY. 19 

Francis was engaged during most of his reign in wars 
with Charles V. of Germany, the apparent cause 
being the right of possession of different Italian 
provinces. 
1547. Francis died. 
1547. Henry II. 

Henry married Catharine De Medicis. Trouble with 

the reform doctrines. 
Battle of St. Quentin. Calais recovered. 
1559. Henry died. 

1559. Francis II. 

Francis married Mary Queen of Scots. 
Civil wars and persecutions in France, which culmi- 
nated, in the reign of 

1560. Charles IX., in the Massacre of St. Bartholomew, 

1572. 
1574. Henry III. 

War of the " Three Henrys." 
1589. Henry III. assassinated. 
1589. Henry IV. 

Battles of Arques and Ivry. 
Henry renounced his religion. 
1598. Peace of Verviens. 

Edict of Nantes. The country financially improved, 
and great advances made in civilization during 
this reign. 
1610. Henry assassinated. 
1610. Lonis XIII. 

After the death of Henry IV., Mary De Medicis and 

her favorites ruled, and universal disorder prevailed. 

When Louis became of age, he proved but a weak 

sovereign, and the history of this reign is but the 

history of Bichelieu's acts. 

Richelieu's aims were : 

1. To suppress the power of the Huguenots, which 



20 SUMMARY OF HISTORY. 

he accomplished by their surrender of their strong- 
hold, La Kochelle. 

2. To humble the power of Austria, which he ac- 
complished by continuing the Thirty Years' War. 

3. To suppress the power of the great nobles. Al- 
though conspiracies were raised against him, he 
accomplished this too, and became more powerful 
in France than any subject before or since. He 
did, also, many things for the internal improve- 
ment of the country. 

1642. Richelieu died, Having accomplished great things for 

France, having abased the king, but made his reign 
illustrious. 

1643. Louis XIII. died. 
1643. Louis XIV. 

During the minority of Louis XIV., Anne of Austria 
and Mazarin for a time ruled the country. The 
people revolted from their encroachments, and the 
Fronde War resulted. Louis' reign virtually com- 
menced with the 
1661. Death of Mazarin. 

During the first years of Louis' reign, he devoted 
himself to pleasure. His ministers were Le Tellier, 
De Lionne, and Fouquet. 

War with Holland. Louis crossed the Rhine, and 
soon had subjected nearly all the United Prov- 
inces. 

By the heroism of William of Orange, the assistance 
of some of the States of Europe, and the sea-victo- 
ries of De Ruyter and Van Tromp, Louis was unable 
to subdue Holland. Not to be baffled, however, he 
again sent four armies to the field, and the war was 
continued four years longer. 

Turenne died before the battle of Sasbach, in which 
Montecuculi defeated the French. Luxembourg 






SUMMARY OF HISTORY. 21 

gained some victories over the Prince of Orange, 
but the forces of both parties were weakened. 

1678. Treaty of Mmeguen. 

Nine years' peace. Administration of Colbert. 
Some of the court favorites were La Valliere, Mon- 
tespan, and Maintenon, the latter of whom Louis 
married after the death of Maria Theresa, his queen, 
the daughter of Philip IV. of Spain. 

1685. Revocation of the Edict of Nantes. 

1687. League of Augsburg. 

To oppose- this, Louis sent four armies to the field, 
and, during the war, Catenat gained a victory over 
Amadeus at Marsaglia, and Luxembourg at Charle- 
roi, Namur, and Neerwinden. Prince Eugene and 
the Duke of Schomberg at times succeeded in check- 
ing the career of the French. 
After the death of Luxembourg, Louis met with re- 
verses. 

1697. Treaty of Ryswick. 

1701-13. War of the Spanish Succession. 

Marlborough was the hero of this war. 

1702-3. The campaigns uneventful. 

1704. Battle of Blenheim, in which Marlborough com- 
pletely prostrated Louis' hopes. 

1706. Battle of Ramillies. Louis' terms of peace rejected. 
Capture of Barcelona by the Earl of Peterborough. 
Louis' terms of peace again being rejected, the 
French prepared to meet the crisis. 

1708. Battle of Oudenarde. 

1709. Battle of Malplaquet. 

Another campaign would doubtless have enabled 
Marlborough to reach Paris ; but the death of Jo- 
seph L, and contentions between the Whigs and 
Tories, caused, in 
1713. The Treaty of Utrecht. 



22 SUMMARY OF HISTORY. 

This war was very disastrous to France. 
1715. Louis XIV. died. 

1715. Louis XV. During the minority of the king, the 
Duke of Orleans was regent. 
Mississippi scheme. Louis' first minister, on assuming 
the reins of government, was the Duke of Bour- 
bon, who was soon succeeded by Fleury. 
Controversy between the Jesuits and Jansenists. The 
quarrel resulted in the spoliation of Port Koyal, 
and the persecution of the Jansenists also gave 
rise to " Pascal's Provincial Letters." Quarrel be- 
tween the Clergy and Parliament. 
1740-48. War of the Austrian Succession, in which the 

French gained some victories over the English. 
1756-63. Seven Years' War, in which the French lost most 
of their colonial possessions. 
Power of Pompadour and Du Barry. 
1767. The Jesuits abolished through Choiseul's influence. 

Ganganelli's death. 
1774. Louis XV. died. 
1774. Louis XVI. and the French Revolution. 

The five causes of the French Revolution were : 

1. The influence of the writings of infidel philoso- 

phers. 

2. The diffusion of ideas of popular liberty. 

3. The burdens of the people. 

4. The infatuation of the court and nobles. 

5. The derangement of the finances. 

Amid the tumults consequent on the state of feeling 

in France, in 
1774. Louis XVI. ascended the throne. 

The discontents of the nobles caused him to choose 

as ministers of finance in turn, Maurepas, Turgot, 

Malsherbes, Necker, Calonne, Brienne, and Necker; 

but they could not lighten the burdens of the people, 

as the nobles refused to be taxed. 



SUMMARY OF HISTORY, 23 

After much trouble about the " Tiers Etat," the Na- 

1789. tional Assembly met. 

The first year they accomplished little good ; the 
people assembled iu masses, captured the Hotel des 
Jnvalides, stormed the Bastile, and brought the royal 
family from Versailles to Paris. 

1790. During this year the National Assembly established 

a democratic constitution, regulated finances, abol- 
ished titles, established the National Guard, and 
obliged the king to sign the new constitution. 
Death of Mirabeau. Flight, return, and strict con- 
finement of the royal family. 

1791. The Assembly dissolves, and the Legislative Assembly 

took its place. This was divided into three parts : 
1. Feuillants. 2. Girondists. 3. Jacobins. 

The news that some of the sovereigns of Europe were 
advancing to assist Louis, newly excited the people ; 
the insurgents stormed the Tuileries and the Hotel de 
Ville, and the king sought refuge in the Assembly. 
Then followed the confinement in the Temple, the 
departure of foreign ambassadors, the confiscation of 
property, &c. The National Convention now opened. 
Among its first acts, were the abolition of monarchy, 
1793. and the trial and execution of the king. 

A Committee of Public Safety was appointed, under the 
dictatorship of Danton, Marat, and Kobespierre. 

Among the first to suffer under " ThePeign of Terror," 
were Marie Antoinette, and the Princess Elizabeth. 
After the massacre of thousands, fear united the people 
against their rulers ; they too were executed. 

The National Guard was reorganized under a presi- 
dency, and vigorous measures were put forth to 
carry on the war against united Christendom. 

The Legislative power vested in two councils. 
1795. The French Revolution terminated in the defeat of 
the National Guard. 



24 SUMMARY OF HISTORY. 



NAPOLEON BONAPARTE AND THE FRENCH EMPIRE. 

1769. Napoleon born. 

He so distinguished himself in the capture of Toulon, 
that he was appointed second in command against 
the revolution of the National Guard. He sub- 
dued it. 

1796. He married Josephine, and as her dower, Barras 
gave him command of the army in Italy. 

1796. In the campaign of this year, some of the battles 

gained were Montenotte, Dego, Lodi. Napoleon 
took Mantua, and subjected the whole of Northern 
Italy. 

1797. Financial troubles in England. 

Mutiny in the English fleet. Naval battles of 
Camperdown and Cape St. Vincent. 

In this year's campaign Napoleon pursued the Arch- 
duke Charles nearly to Vienna. Fall of Venice. 

Treaty of Campo Formio. 

Triumphal march to Paris. Invasion of Egypt. Na- 
poleon defeated the Mamelukes, in the battle of the 
Pyramids; himself defeated by Nelson in the 
battle of the Nile. Napoleon went to Syria, stormed 
Jaffa, and was defeated, at Acre, by Sir Sidney Smith ; 
then after gaining the battle of AJboukir, he returned 
quietly to France. 

During Napoleon's absence, Switzerland, Sardinia, 
and the Papal States had been subjected, but, the 
spirits of the English reviving, they united with 
Austria and Prussia, and the French were obliged 
to relinquish many of their Italian conquests. 
1799. Napoleon received the title of First Consul. The 
peace he now offered Great Britain being refused, 
the French prepared to meet the crisis. 



SUMMAEY OP HISTOEY, 25 

1799. Napoleon crossed, the Alps, and his troops gained the 
battles of Montebello and Marengo, while among 
General Moreau's successes in Germany was the 
victory of Hohenlinden. 

1801. Treaty of Luneville. 

Reconstruction of society. Legion of Honor. Code 
Napoleon. Conspiracies to overturn the consular 
throne. 

1804. Napoleon crowned Emperor. 

1805. Coalition of England, Austria, and Russia, to destroy 

the French power. 

Nelson's victory at Trafalgar weakened the naval 
power of France and Spain. 

Frustrated in his design of invading England, Na- 
poleon advanced to the Danube, and after taking 
Ulm, gained the great battle of Austerlitz. 

Treaty of Presburg. 

1806. Death of Pitt and Fox. 

Napoleon now defeated the Prussians in the battle of 

Jena, and entered Berlin. 
Indecisive battle of Eylau, with the Russians. 

1807. Peace of Tilsit. 

Napoleon returned to France, and devoted himself to 
reforms of various kinds. 

He elevated his brother Louis to the throne of Holland, 
and Joseph to that of Naples, but his attempt to 
place Joseph on the throne of Spain led to a disas- 
trous war with the English, in Spain and Portugal. 

Some of the events of this war were the defence of 
Saragossa by the Spaniards, 

Sir John Moore's victory at Corunna ; the surrender 
of Tortosa, Tarragona, Saguntum, and Valentia to 
the French ; the victory of Wellington in the battle 
of Albuera, in the capture of Ciudad, Rodrigo, and 
Salamanca. 

3 



26 SUMMARY OF HISTORY. 

The English were on the whole successful, and the 
French power was effectually weakened in Spain. 

1812. Napoleon's invasion of Russia. He crossed the Nie- 

men, took Smolensko, gained the battle of Borodino, 
and found in Moscow a burning city. 
His disastrous retreat was followed by the uprising 
of Germany. 

1813. Napoleon was successful in the battles of Lutzen and 

Bautzen. Defeat of the French in Spain. 
Napoleon was now opposed by Bliicher and Schwar- 
tzenberg. He gained the battle of Dresden, but was 
defeated at Leipsic. 

1814. Grand Alliance arrayed against France. The Rus- 

sians, Austrians, and Prussians invaded France. 
On their advance to Paris, Napoleon abdicated, and 

retired to Elba. 
Louis XVIII. placed on the throne. 

1815. Napoleon returned to France, and Louis fled. 

1815. Battle of Waterloo. The Bourbons restored. Na- 
poleon fled, was taken by the English, and placed 
on the island of St. Helena. 

1821. Napoleon died. 

1815. Louis XVIII. " The Hundred Days' Revolution." 

Louis' political measures and the fear of foreign 

1824. powers kept him on the throne till his death. 

1824. Charles X. 

1827. Battle of Navarino, against the Turks. 

Charles was not as politic as his brother ; and, by 
his restrictions on the press and other severe meas- 

1830. ures, he lost his throne in a "Three Day's Revolu- 
tion." 

1830. Louis Philippe. 

Louis was the son of the Duke of Orleans, and was 
the " People's King." Algiers conquered. Forti- 
fication of Paris. Reform banquets. 



SUMMARY OF HISTORY. 27 

1848. During another revolution Louis lost his throne. 

1848. A provisional government was now appointed, in 
which Cavaignac was soon succeeded, as president 
of the Republic, by Louis Napoleon, son of Louis, 
king of Holland and Hortense. 

1851. By coup d'etat Louis dissolved the Assembly, assumed 

dictatorial power, obtained the support of the army, 

1852. and was crowned emperor. 
1852. Napoleon III. 

1854-56. Napoleon united with England, in the Crimean 

War, against Russian aggressions. 
1855. Capture of Sebastopol. 
1858-59. War in Italy against Austria. 

Battles of Montebello, Magenta, and Solferino. 
1859. Peace of Villafranca. 

The Jesuits and the Papal Power. 

The Power of the Jesuits in the seventeenth century. 
The Pope's assistance. Influence of Loyola's follow- 
ers. Xavier's travels. Paraguay missions. Jesuits 
as teachers, preachers, and confessors. The power 
of the popes at this time^ 

Puritanism. 

Causes of dissensions among the Protestants during 
the seventeenth century. 

Queen Elizabeth's standard. Irregularities in per- 
forming divine service. Origin of the Court of 
Ecclesiastical Commission, Parker's persecution of 
Non-conformists. 
1566. Separation of Non-conformists from the Church of 
England. Grindal's mild measures. Whitgift's 
crusade against the Non-conformists. James L's 
severity. Bancroft's measures. Flight of the Puri- 



28 SUMMARY OF HISTOEY. 

tans from England. Laud's persecution in Charles 
I.'s reign. 

Troubles in Scotland. 
1638. The Covenant drawn up. 

Differences between the Presbyterians and Indepen- 
dents. Troubles among them. Character of the 
Puritans. 

Methodism. 

Rise of the sect of Methodists during the eighteenth 
century. 

State of religion at this time in England. Wesley's 
early life. Origin of the word Methodist. Wes- 
ley's assistants and labors. Whitefield's preaching. 
Comparison between Wesley and Whitefield. Wes- 
ley compared with Luther. Wesley's church pol- 
ity, class system, itinerancy. 

The progress of Methodism under Wesley's rule. 

Conquests in India. 
After Vasco De Gama's discovery of the Cape of 
Good Hope, the Portuguese and Dutch enriched 
themselves by trade with the East Indies. 
The first important English settlement was on the 
island of Java. 
1658. The English obtained a grant of land on the Coro- 

mandel coast; in 
1668. The island of Bombay was ceded to them, and they 
1698. also made settlements on the Hooghly. The French 
also made settlements in India, which were con- 
trolled by two presidencies. 
1744. In the war between the English and French, the lat- 
ter took Madras. 
The attempts made by the French to found an Indian 
empire were frustrated by Clive. 



SUMMARY OP HISTORY. 29 

Calcutta seized by the Viceroy of Bengal, and 140 
people confined in " the Black Hole." It was soon 
recovered, however, and became the capital of a 
great empire. Clive, by constant encroachments 
and intrigues with the native princes, firmly estab- 
lished the English power in India. 

1772. Hastings appointed Governor-General ; he greatly 
enriched the Company. To carry on his war suc- 
cessfully against Hyder Ali, he plundered Benares 
and robbed the Princesses of Oude. 
For his rapine and violence he was impeached in 
England. Fox, Burke, and Sheridan all distin- 
guished themselves in his trial. He was acquitted, 

1784. From this time the Company was managed by a 
Board of Control and Court of Directors. 
While Cornwallis was Governor-General, he con- 
ducted a successful war with Tippoo Saib. 

1798. The Marquis of Wellesley renewed the war. Tippoo 
was defeated and killed, and during the next few 
years the English added several more provinces to 
their Indian possessions. 

1833. The charter of the East India Company expired ; the 
rights of the Company were sold to the English 
nation, and commerce with China and India was 
opened to the world. 
The power of the English in India considered. 



SPANISH HISTORY. 
Philip H. 

Inquisition established in the Netherlands. After the 
execution of thousands, seven united provinces de- 
clared William, Prince of Orange, Stadtholder ; and 
although the Spanish retook some of their posses- 
sions, they never recovered Holland. 
3* 



30 SUMMARY OF HISTORY. 

1581. Acquisition of Portugal. 

Revolt of the Monscoes. Spanish Armada. 
1598. Philip II. died. 
1598. Philip III. 

The Moors banished. 
1621. Philip died. 
1621. Philip IV. 

Catalan insurrection. 
1640. Loss of Portugal and Jamaica. 

During this and the succeeding reigns, the Spanish 
monarchy declined, owing to the spiritual despotism 
and great wealth of the country. 
1663. Charles II. 

Invasion of the Spanish Netherlands by Louis XIV. 
Triple Alliance. 
1701-13. War of the Spanish Succession, which ended in 
confirming Philip V., of the House of Bourbon, on 
the throne. 
The reign of Ferdinand VI., 1746. 
Charles III, 1751, and Charles IV, 1788, were very 
weak. 
1761. The only event of importance at this time was the 

Bourbon Family Compact. 
1808. Ferdinand VII. deposed by Napoleon, who attempted 
to give Spain to his brother Joseph. A long war 
followed, which was very disastrous to the French. 
1813. The French expelled from Spain. 

Ferdinand VII. abolished the Salic Law. 
1833. Isabella II. Carlist War. 
1868. Isabella lost her throne. 

The history of Spain, since the Sixteenth Century, has 
been a history of crime, bigotry, anarchy, and 
poverty. 



SUMMARY OF HISTORY. 31 



RUSSIAN HISTORY. 

The first great event in Eussian history was the 
reception of the Greek worship about the tenth 
century. 

When Ghenghis Khan overran the world, he took 
possession of the kingdom of the Czars. 

The kingdom was soon recovered, the absolute power 
of the Czars established, provinces were brought 
under a central government, Moscow became the 
capital, the Kremlin was built, Siberia was dis- 
covered, and civilization commenced. 
1682. Peter the Great. 

Peter early devoted his attention to increasing the 
military strength of his country. 

He visited foreign countries, and organized his army 
and navy on the European plan. 

Eeligions tolerated. Internal reforms prosecuted. 

"War with Sweden. 
1700. Battle of Narva. 

Peter prosecuted his schemes of internal improve- 
ment, and by the conquests of Ingria and Livonia, 
opened the Baltic to his navy. 

Building of St. Petersburg. 
1709. Battle of Pultowa. War with the Turks. 

Battle on the Pruth ended by Catharine's intercession. 

Peter devoted himself to internal improvements, and 
again travelled. Treaty of Neustadt. 

1724. Catharine crowned. 

1725. Peter died. His character. 
1725. Catharine I. 

Power of Menzikoff. Her reign and the reigns of her 
successors, Peter III. and Anne, were very short and 
weak. 



£2 SUMMARY OF HISTORY. 

1731. Elizabeth. 

1756-63. Elizabeth assisted Marie Theresa in Seven Years' 
War. 
Elizabeth founded universities. 

1762. Peter IIL 

Exiles recalled from Siberia. 

Peace made with Frederic the Great. 

1762. Catharine II. 

Character of Catharine. Assassination of Ivan. 
War with Turkey. The Turks lost many battles 
and provinces, and their defeats were culminated 
in the naval battle of Tschesme, gained by Orloff 
and Elphinstone. 

1774. Peace made with the Turks most advantageous to 
Russia. 

1772. Partition of Poland. 

1778. War with Turkey, in which Potemkin and Suwarrow 
distinguished themselves, and which ended in estab- 
lishing the Russian supremacy on the Black Sea. 

1792. Treaty of Jassy. 

Catharine having acquired half of Poland, the 

1796. Crimea, and part of Turkey, died without realizing 
her dreams of conquest. Her favorites and her 
character. 

1796-1801. After Paul's reckless reign, 

1801, Alexander I. ascended the throne. 

1805. The Russians joined the "Third Coalition" against 
France, and were, with the Austrians, defeated in 
the 

1805. Battle of Austerlitz. 

1807. The Russians refused to ratify the treaty with France 
and joined the " Fourth Coalition." 

1807. The Russians defeated in the Battles of Eylau and 

Friedland. Peace of Tilsit. 

1808. Meeting at Erfurt between Napoleon and Alexander. 






SUMMARY OF HISTORY. 33 

1812. Napoleon's Russian campaign. 

1813. Alexander again joined the Allies; with them gained 

the Battle of Leipsic, and entered France at the 
head of all the foreign forces. 

1814. Congress at Vienna. Alexander assumed the title 

of King of Poland. 

1815. Holy Alliance. 
1825. Alexander I. died. 
1825. Nicholas. 

1826-33. Successful wars with Persia and Turkey. 

1831. Insurrection in Poland, which ended by Poland's 

1832. being incorporated firmly in Russia. 

1853. The dispute with Turkey about the Holy places 
1853-56. ended in a war, in which England, France, and 

Sardinia assisted the Turks. 
1853. Battle of Oltenitza. Turkish fleet destroyed at Sinope. 

The Battle of Alma was one of the many gained 

by the Allies. 
The formidable array against him, and his constant 
1855. defeats, hastened the death of Nicholas. 
1855. Alexander H. 

1855. Fall of Sebastopol. 

1856. Peace signed at Paris by which Russia lost a little 

territory, and her naval supremacy on the Black 
Sea. Among Alexander's later acts are the eman- 
cipation of serfs, establishment of schools, building 
of railroads, and he has everywhere given a new 
impulse to trade and civilization. 



PRUSSIAN HISTOKY. 

1701. The title of Elector of Brandenburg was changed to 
that of King of Prussia. 
After the splendid reign of Frederic I, and the tyran- 
nical one of Frederic William I., 



34 SUMMAEY OF HISTORY. 

1740. Frederic II., the Great, ascended the throne. Enraged 
at his seizure of Silesia, Russia, France, and Sweden 
united with Austria against him, and his resistance 
to this force constituted the European part of the 

1756-63. Seven Years' War. 

1757-58. By the victory of Lowositz, Frederic gained Sax- 
ony; he then lost the Battle of Prague. Frederic 
next gained the victories of Rossbach, Leuthen, and 
Zorndorff. Capture of Dresden. The Pope's attack. 

1759. His losses culminated in the defeat at Kunersdorff. 

1760. Fouque's defeat. Although Frederic was unable to 

retake Dresden, he prevented the union of the 
Austrians and Russians, and gained a victory at 
Torgau. 

1761. The Campaigns this year were disastrous to Frederic. 
On Pitt's resignation, England withdrew her assist- 
ance ; but Peter III. of Russia was a friend to 
Frederic. 

France failed longer to assist Marie Theresa. 
1763. Treaty of Hubertsburg. Results of the war. 
1772. Partition of Poland. 

Bavarian War. Peace of Teschen. 

1785. Germanic Union. 

1786. Treaty with the United States. 
1786. Frederic died. His character. 
1786. Frederic William II. 

1793. Prussia joined in the second division of Poland. 
1797. Frederic William II. died. 
1797. Frederic William III. 

1805. The Prussians joined in the War against French en- 

croachments. 

1806. Battle of Jena. Napoleon entered Berlin. 

1807. Peace of Tilsit, most disastrous to the Prussians. 
1813. The Prussians under Bliicher assisted in the over* 

throw of Napoleon. 



SUMMARY OF HISTORY. 35 

The battles of Liitzen, Bautzen, Dresden, and Leipsic 
were fought. 

1814. Congress at Vienna. 

1815. Battle of Waterloo. Holy Alliance. 

When peace was established, though the Prussians 
regained their lost territory, there was great want of 
union among the German States. 

1840. Frederic William III. died. 

1840. Frederic William IV. 

Constant opposition between the people and govern- 
ment, and attempts to maintain supremacy in the 
Diet. 

1861. Frederic William IV. died. 

1861. Frederic William Louis. 



SWEDEN. 
Scandinavian mythology. Achievements of the North- 
men. Introduction of Christianity. 
1448. Christian I. united Denmark, Sweden, and Norway. 
1522. Gustavus Vasa made Sweden independent. Intro- 
duced Lutheranism. 
1618-48. Gustavus Adolphus took part in the Thirty Years' 
War. 
After the reigns of Christina, Charles X. and Charles 
XI, 
1697. Charles XII., the Great, ascended the throne. On 
finding three monarchs conspired to ruin him, his 
character completely changed. He defeated the 
1700. Danes, then Peter the Great in the battle of Narva, 
and dethroned Frederic Augustus. 
Elated by his many successes, Charles invaded Russia. 
1709. Defeated by Peter in the battle of Pultowa. 

Charles lingered five years in Turkey. On his re- 
turn to Sweden, he raised an army, and was killed 



36 SUMMARY OF HISTORY. 

1718. in an attack on Frederickshall in Norway. 

The decline of Sweden resulted from Charles's mad 
enterprises. 

TURKEY. 

History of the Saracen Empire. 

Rise and conquests of the Turks. Cause of the Cru- 
sades. 
1299. Othman founded the Ottoman Empire. His succes- 
sors greatly extended their dominions. Bajazet, 
1402. after gaining many victories, was taken prisoner in 

the battle of Angora. 
1453. Constantinople taken by Constantine XII. 

Power and extent of the Ottoman Empire. 
1520. Solyman the Magnificent. By his great conquests the 
empire reached its height of glory. 
The successors of Solyman were weak and wicked. 
The Turks met with no signal reverses until the time 
of John Sobieski, who defeated an army threaten- 
ing Vienna; and so Europe was the second time 
freed from the ravages of barbarians. 
1699. Peace of Carlovitz. 

By the conquests of Catharine II. of Russia, Turkey 
became a second-class power. Turkish government, 
and power of the Janizaries. 

POLAND. 

The early history of Poland and its importance in 
the sixteenth century. 
1333. Casimir the Great. Lithuania added to the country, 

and the university of Cracow founded. 
1572. The crown made elective. Henry of Anjou chosen king. 
After the reign of his weak successors, John Sobieski 
was rewarded by being made king, as 
1674. John III. He gained a great victory over the Turks. 



SUMMARY OF HISTORY, 37 

1696. Frederic Augustus. Poland taken by Charles XII. of 
Sweden, but soon given up again. 

1733. Frederic Augustus II. had a most disastrous reign. 

1764. Stanislaus II. In his reign, the Great Powers of 
Northern Europe, taking advantage of the internal 
dissensions in Poland, divided it among themselves. 

1772. First division. 1793. Second division. 1794. Kos- 
ciusko's insurrection. 1795. Third division. 

1812. Kingdom of Poland reestablished by the Diet of 
Warsaw. 

1815. Poland again divided, and Alexander of Russia as- 
sumed the title of King of Poland. 

1832. After another insurrection, Poland firmly united with 
Russia. 



AMERICAN HISTORY. 

1492. The discoveries of Columbus were followed by the 
conquests of the Spanish in the West Indies ; in 
Mexico, from 1519-21, and in Peru in 1532. 
The Portuguese soon after established colonies in 
Brazil, and after Vasco De Gama's discovery of 
the Capes of Good Hope, the Portuguese and Dutch 
enriched themselves by trade with the East Indies. 

1495. Cabot took possession of the Eastern coast of North 
America. Raleigh made settlements in the Caro- 
linas. 

1607. Permanent settlement at Jamestown. Indian war. 

Navigation Act. Trouble with charters. The St. 
Lawrence early explored. 

1608. Quebec settled by Champlain. 

The arrival of the Jesuit missionaries, and their won- 
derful work. 

1609. Discovery of the Hudson. 
4 



38 SUMMARY OF HISTORY. 

1614. Manhattan Island taken by the Dutch, and, in 
1664. by the English. 

1620. The Puritans landed, and, with the exception of their 
bigotry, shown in the persecution of all Quakers, 
Baptists, and witches, their legislation was wise 
and good. 
1630. Governor Winthrop arrived. 

Connecticut settled by a colony from Massachusetts. 
Pequod War. 
1680. Pennsylvania colonized. 

Brainerd, Edwards, and Franklin were the lights of 

the age. 
Settlements were also made in New Jersey, Maryland, 
North and South Carolina, and Georgia. 
1688. Twelve colonies existed, enjoying principles of civil 
and religious liberty. 

The jealousies between the French and English colo- 
nists, resulted in savage wars. 
1740-48. In the War of the Austrian Succession the Eng- 
lish took Louisburg, but restored it to the French 
in the peace of Aix-la-Chapelle. 
1756-63. In the Seven Years' War the French lost most 

of their colonial possessions. 
1775-83. The cause of the American Revolution was unjust 
taxation. 
Great excitement in the colonies^ 
Resolutions against taxation passed by assemblies in 
Massachusetts and Virginia. 
1773. Bill of Rights. Tea thrown overboard. 

The bills passed by Lord North were obnoxious to 

the Americans. 
Declaration of Rights. 

In spite of the opposition of Dean Tucker, Chatham, 
and Burke, the British government declared the 
Americans rebels. 



SUMMARY OF HISTORY. 39 

1775. Skirmish at Lexington. The Continental Congress 

assembled, and the army raised. Capture of Ticon- 
deroga and Crown Point. 
Battle of Bunker Hill. Howe succeeded Gates in 
command of the British forces at Boston. Invasion 
of Canada. 

1776. Howe evacuated Boston. Declaration of Indepen- 

dence. Battle of Long Island. Americans retreated 
to New York, then to New Jersey and Pennsyl- 
vania. 
Battle of Trenton. 

1777. Battle of Princeton. Washington's greatness. 

The defeat of the Americans at Brandywine com- 
pensated by the victory at Bennington, and the 
surrender of Burgoyne. 
1777-78. "Winter at Valley Forge. 

1778. Treaty with France. 

Clinton, who had succeeded Howe, in command of 
British forces, evacuated Philadelphia. Battle of 
Monmouth. 

Lee's disgrace. 

1779. Lincoln and L'Estaing were unsuccessful in the 

South. 

1780. Lincoln obliged to surrender Charleston. 

Gates was completely defeated by Cornwallis, and 

the American army in the South was broken up. 
Desertion of Arnold. 

1781. Greene succeeded Gates, reorganized the Southern 

army, and bravely opposed Cornwallis. 

1781. Cornwallis surrendered at Yorktown. 

1782. Treaty of peace signed. 

1783. The British evacuated New York, and the American 

army was disbanded. 
The results of the Revolutionary War. 
1787. The Constitution of the United States adopted. 



40 SUMMAEY OF HISTOEY. 

1789. George Washington elected the first President. 

Revenues raised to pay the debts incurred by the 

war. National Bank established. 
1794. The Indians defeated on the Miami. 

Proclamation of Neutrality. Treaty of Commerce 

with England. 
1797. John Adams, President. The prospects of a war with 

France terminated by the accession of Napoleon to 

power. 
1800. Washington died. 

1800. The seat of Government removed from Philadelphia 

to Washington. 

1801. Thomas Jefferson, President. War with Tripoli. 
1804. Duel between Burr and Hamilton. Disputes with 

England and France respecting neutral rights. 
1807. Aaron Burr's conspiracy. 
1808-9. Embargo, and Non-intercourse Acts. 
1809. James Madison, President. Freedom of the commerce 
with France restored, but with Great Britain pro- 
hibited. War with the Indians. 
1812. War declared against Great Britain. 

In this war there were many hard-fought battles, 

both on the Canada frontier and the ocean. 
The American troops were unsuccessful in wresting 

Canada from the British. 
Perry and McDonough bravely-repulsed the British 
fleet on Lake Erie. 
1815. Battle of New Orleans, in which the British were 

defeated and many killed. 
1815. Peace of Ghent. 

War with Algiers. 
1817. James Monroe, President. 

War with the Seminoles. Treaties with Spain and 
Great Britain. 
1825. Lafayette visited the United States. 



SUMMARY OF HISTORY. 41 

1825. Jolm Qnincy Adams, President. 

1826. July 4th. Death of Ex-Presidents Adams and Jef- 

ferson. 
1829. Andrew Jackson, President. Seminole war. 
1835-37. Great mania for speculation. 
1837. Martin Van Buren, President. 

Great commercial distress. Canadian rebellion. Bor- 
der difficulties in Maine. 
1841. William H. Harrison, President. 

Political excitement. Harrison lived but a month. 

1841. John Tyler, President. 

1842. Treaty with Great Britain arranged by Daniel Web- 

ster. 

1843. Celebration at Bunker Hill. 
Texas annexed. 

1845. James K. Polk, President. 

War with Mexico, on account of the annexation of 
Texas. Among General Taylor's victories were the 
battles of Palo Alto, and Buena Vista. General 
Scott took Vera Cruz, and Mexico the Capital. 

In the treaty of peace the Americans obtained New 
Mexico, Utah, and California. 

Oregon boundary dispute. 

1849. Zachary Taylor, President. 

1847. Emigration to California, on account of the discov- 
eries there. 

1850. Compromise measures. 
1850. Millard Fillmore, President. 

Kossuth's visit. Lopes's Cuban expedition. 

Difficulties with Great Britain, relating to fisheries. 
1853. Franklin Pierce, President. 
1853. Japan expedition and treaty. 

1853. Crystal Palace exhibition. 

1854. Reciprocity treaty with Great Britain. 
Nicaragua troubles. 

4* 



42 SUMMAEY OP HISTOEY. 

1857. James Buchanan, President. 

Troubles with Kansas, ending in a civil war. Trou- 
bles with the Mormons. 
1857. Commercial distress. 

1860. Visit from Japanese. 
Agitation of the slavery question. 

1861. Abraham Lincoln, President. 
1861-65. Civil War in the United States. 

1861. This war commenced April 14, 1861, by the taking 
of Fort Sumter, by the Southerners. It lasted four 
years, and was brought to a close by the surrender 

1865. of the Southern armies, under Generals Lee and 
Johnson, the capture of Richmond, and of Jefferson 
Davis, the President of the Confederacy. 

1865. April 14. President Lincoln assassinated. 

1865. Andrew Johnson, President. Amnesty proclamation. 

1869. Ulysses Grant, President. 



APPENDIX, 



Coalitions against Napoleon. 

1793. First Coalition, joined in by all the European powers 

except Sweden, Denmark, and Turkey. 
1798. Second Coalition, England, Russia, and Austria. 
1804. Third Coalition, England, Russia, and Austria. 
1806. Fourth Coalition, England, Prussia, and Russia. 
1809. Fifth Coalition, England and Austria. 
1813. Sixth Coalition, England, Austria, Russia, and Prussia. 

Attempts on the English Crown. 

In the reign of Mary, Lady Jane Grey, 1553. 
In the reign of Elizabeth, Mary Queen of Scots, 1568- 
1586. 

In the reign of James I., Lady Arabella Stuart, 1603-4. 
In the reign of Cromwell, Charles Stuart, 1650-51. 
In the reign of James II., Argyle and Monmouth, 1685. 
In the reign of William and Mary, James II., 1688. 
In the reign of George I., " Old Pretender," 1715. 
In the reign of George II., " Young Pretender," 1745. 

43 



44 



APPENDIX. 



Marriages in the Royal Families of England and France. 



SOVEREIGN. 



Henry VIII. 



Edward VI 
Mary . . . 
Elizabeth. 
James I . . 
Charles I 
Charles II . 

James II 

William III 
Anne . . . 
George I. 
George II . 
George III . 
William IV 
Victoria . . 



ENGLAND. 

MARRIED. 

' 1. Catharine of Arragon. 

2. Anne Boleyn. 

3. Jane Seymour. 

4. Anne of Cleves. 

5. Catharine Howard. 

6. Catharine Parr. 

Philip II. of Spain. 

Anne of Denmark. 

Henrietta Maria of France. 

Catharine of Portugal. 
' 1. Annie Hyde. 
. 2. Mary of Modena. 

Mary of England. 

George of Denmark. 

Sophia Dorothea-of Zell. 

Caroline of Brandenburg Anspach. 

Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. 
Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen. 

Albert of Saxe-Coburg. 



APPENDIX. 



45 



FRANCE. 



SOVEKEIGN. 

Francis I. . 

Henry II . 
Francis II. . 
Charles IX: 
Henry III. . 

Henry IV. . 

Louis XIII. 
Louis XIV' 

Louis XV. . 
'Louis XVI 

Napoleon. . 

Louis XVIII 
Charles X. . 
Louis Philippe 
Louis Napoleon 



■{ 



1. Claude of France. 

2. Eleanor of Austria. 
Catharine De Medieis. 
Mary Stuart. 
Elizabeth of Germany. 
Louisa of Vaudemont. 

1. Margaret of Valois. 

2. Mary De Medieis. 
Anne of Austria. 

1. Marie Theresa of Spain. 

2. Madame Maintenon. 
Marie Lezinski of Poland. 
Marie Antoinette. 

1. Josephine. 

2. Marie Louise of Austria. 
Princess of Saxony. (?) 
Marie Theresa of Saxony. 
Amelia of Sicily. 
Eugenie Countess of Teba. 



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19 



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24 



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" In this history, written by the accomplished Dr. Taylor, the events are narrated clearly and 
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The chief merit of Manesca's Method consists in the easy and almost imperceptible manner 
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of the language. By the continued use of the elements, both old and new, Manesca keeps 
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ru ia< which govern its construction. — V. Value, Professor of the French Language, Philadelphia. 



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Manesca I consider far superior to Ollendorff, Pinney's, or Fasquelle's Method. I shtfV 
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JUKE i989 



v > 













^ 




^ V 



